Iodine

Written by J.A Dobado | Last Updated on April 22, 2024

Iodine element periodic table

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. It is a lustrous, purple-black, halogen gas that belongs to the group 17 elements in the periodic table.

Iodine is found in small amounts in many minerals, and is also present in the oceans and other bodies of water. It is extracted from the mineral iodine through a process called sublimation.

Iodine is the only halogen that is solid at room temperature. The element forms a purple gas when heated, and is named after the Greek word iodine, meaning “violet“. It was first discovered in algae, and many plants and animals in the sea have high levels of iodine. Seafood, including crabs and fish, provide the element in our diet. The human body needs small amounts of iodine to produce an important substance called thyroxine, which helps us grow.

Iodine has many important uses, including in the production of iodine compounds, which are used in the manufacture of certain dyes and pigments (printing ink, red and brown food dyes), and as a component of certain medicines, disinfectants, and other materials. It is also used in the production of certain chemicals, and in the research and development of new technologies.

Iodine element periodic table

Electron configuration

The electron configuration of an element describes the arrangement of electrons in the atoms of that element, and be used to predict its chemical properties and reactivity.

In the electron configuration notation, the letters "s", "p", "d", and "f" represent the different types of atomic orbitals, and the superscripts indicate the number of electrons in each orbital. The orbitals are filled in a specific order, starting with the lowest energy orbital and working up.

electron configuration of element I

Emission spectra

Each element in the periodic table presents its own unique emission spectra, which is determined by the energy levels of its electrons. When an electron in an atom is excited to a higher energy level, it can de-excite by emitting a photon of light with an energy equal to the difference between the two levels. This results in a characteristic emission line in the spectra (which corresponds to specific wavelengths of light). These spectra are usefull to identify the elements present in a sample.

emmision spectra of element I

Symmary of properties (I)

Atomic weight126.90447(3)
Discoverer (year)Courtois, Bernard (1811)
Natural formnon-metallic solid (orthorhombic) (I2)
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
M.p. (ÂșC)114
B.p. (ÂșC)184
Earth's crust abundance (ppm)0.45
Isotope (abundance %)127I (100)
Density (g/cm3)6.24
vdW radius (pm)198
Covalent radius (pm)136
Electronegativity (Pauling)2.66
Vaporisation enthalpy (Kj/mol)41.57
Fusion enthalpy (kJ/mol)15.52
Specific heat capacity (J/g·K) at 25ÂșC and 1 at0.25
Thermal conductivity (W/cm·K) at 25 ÂșC and 1 at0.004
Oxidation number+7, +5, +1, -1
Electronic affinity (eV)3.06
1st Ionization energy (eV)10.4513

Definition of terms in the previous table

  • Atomic weight: The average mass of an element's atoms, typically given in atomic mass units (amu).
  • Natural form: The most stable and abundant form of an element that occurs naturally in the environment.
  • Electron configuration: The arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule.
  • Melting point: The temperature at which a solid substance turns into a liquid.
  • Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid substance turns into a gas.
  • Earth's crust abundance (ppm): The concentration of an element in the Earth's crust, typically given in parts per million (ppm).
  • Isotope (abundance %): A variant of an element that has the same number of protons in the nucleus, but a different number of neutrons. The abundance of an isotope is the percentage of the isotope in a sample of the element.
  • Density (g/cm3): The mass of a substance per unit volume.
  • vdW radius (pm): The radius of an atom or molecule as predicted by the van der Waals model, typically given in picometers (pm).
  • Covalent radius (pm): The distance from the center of an atom to the center of another atom with which it is bonded covalently, typically given in picometers (pm).
  • Electronegativity (Pauling): A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond, based on the Pauling scale.
  • Vaporisation enthalpy (kJ/mol): The amount of energy required to convert a substance from a liquid to a gas at a constant temperature.
  • Fusion enthalpy (kJ/mol): The amount of energy required to convert a substance from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature.
  • Specific heat capacity (J/g·K) at 25ÂșC and 1 at: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius at a constant pressure.
  • Thermal conductivity (W/cm·K) at 25 ÂșC and 1 at: The ability of a substance to conduct heat, typically given in watts per centimeter per kelvin.
  • Oxidation number: A positive or negative integer that represents the number of electrons that an atom has gained or lost in a chemical compound.
  • Electronic affinity: The energy change associated with adding an electron to a neutral atom to form a negative ion.
  • 1st Ionization energy: The energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral atom.
 

Back to the Periodic Table of the Elements.

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