Welcome to our Lab category, a haven for scientific exploration and experimentation. Step into the world of hands-on discovery where theory meets practice. Unleash your curiosity as we delve into laboratory techniques, equipment, safety protocols, and experimental procedures. From conducting chemical analyses to synthesizing compounds, this category provides valuable insights and resources to enhance your laboratory skills. Immerse yourself in the exciting realm of scientific investigation and unlock the wonders of the lab today.
Objective Alternative acetanilide synthesis route to obtain aromatic amides without using acetic anhydride. Using instead acetic acid as acylating agent catalyzed by zinc. Background The acetanilide synthesis, or acetamides in general, are usually carried out from an amine (aromatic or aliphatic) with acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride, a reagent widely used in organic chemistry laboratories, irritates mucous … Read more
Objective Determine the percentage of ethanol, EtOH, in wine “alcohol by volume” (ABV) using simple distillation and subsequent measurement of the density of the distillate with an alcoholmeter. Background One of the characteristics that must be specified in the documentation of alcoholic beverages, e.g. wines, is the percentage (%) of alcohol by volume of EtOH, … Read more
Objective The production of an alkene (cyclohexene) by the acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction of an alcohol (cyclohexanol). Background A secondary alcohol, such as cyclohexanol, is dehydrated via an E1 mechanism, where the key intermediate is the cyclohexyl cation. This cation can react by either an elimination or a substitution reaction. To obtain the alkene in good … Read more
What is Kugelrohr distillation? Kugelrohr distillation is a type of distillation that utilizes a unique piece of laboratory equipment known as a Kugelrohr. It is a device that allows the distillation of small quantities of liquids (or low melting point solids) (<100 mg), including solvents with low boiling point as well as for drying samples. … Read more
Objective The purpose of this experiment is to obtain a carboxylic acid by oxidation of a primary alcohol using hypochlorite as oxidant. Experimental procedure An alternative method to the use of carcinogenic chromium(VI) salts for the oxidation of alcohols is the use of a green oxidizing agent such as hypochlorite. One of the most common … Read more
Objetives Perform an isomerization reaction of C=C double bonds in acidic medium with both microscale an miniscale methodologies. Background Isomerization is a chemical reaction in which a molecule is converted into one of its structural isomers, a compound with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms. Double bonds are rigid structures where interconversion … Read more
What is the simple distillation? La simple distillation is a separation technique used in chemistry laboratories to purify liquids through the removal of impurities non-volatile. It is also used for the separation of mixtures of liquids miscible that differ in b.p. in at least 25 °C. The process is governed by the Raoult’s law.[1] The … Read more
What are inert atmosphere reactions? There are reagents or products that are sensitive to humidity, oxygen in the air and even CO2. In these cases, effective protection of reactions in an inert atmosphere is necessary. This is because the yields can be affected by the partial or total destruction of a sensitive substance during the … Read more
For proper maintenance of laboratory equipment, it should be cleaned and dried after each experiment so that dirt does not interfere with the performance of each new experiment. Otherwise, inconveniences may arise, such as the presence of colored substances in the equipment used, which may alter the final appearance of the product. Also, there may … Read more
What is fractional distillation? Distillation is one of the most widely used techniques to purify liquids in the laboratory and nearly the entirety of all the processes of industrial separation. La fractional distillation uses multiple cycles of vaporization-condensation and is used to separate components of liquids in your boiling point differ by less than 25 … Read more
