Experiments 🔬

Objective The objective of the experiment is to obtain a copper phthalocyanine (macrocycle with four isoindole units linked together by nitrogen atoms bonded to copper) by combining four molecules of phthalonitrile in the presence of a metal salt. Background Phthalocyanines are a class of highly stable blue pigments that can contain various coordinated metals. The copper-based compound … Read more

Objective The objective is to synthesize a sweetener derivative, specifically the 6-nitro derivative of saccharin, using a two-step process involving 4-nitrotoluene and oxidation with CrO3. Background Foodstuffs derive their sweetness from either natural sugars or added artificial sweeteners. Natural sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose, have desirable taste qualities, but come with drawbacks such … Read more

Objective To synthethise two kind of insect pheromones one using Grignard reagent to yield an alcohol, and the other (a ketone) through the oxidation of the alcohol using chromium(VI). Background Insect pheromones are chemical signals produced by insects to communicate with members of their own species. These chemical signals are used to transmit information about … Read more

Objective To demonstrates a one-step synthesis of warfarin using organocatalysis. Background Organocatalysis is an area of organic chemistry that has been rapidly expanding in recent years, with significant interest in enantioselective organocatalytic reactions. Organocatalysts containing an amine functionality typically proceed via an iminium or enamine intermediate, which is then attacked by an incoming nucleophile. These … Read more

Objective Learn how to prepare an enamine from cyclohexanone and a secondary amine and perform a subsequent acetylation reaction, and finally an hydrolysis to 7‐oxooctanoic acid. Background Enamines, which can be easily prepared from carbonyl compounds, exhibit nucleophilic behavior at their β-carbon atom, making them susceptible to alkylation or acylation with appropriate electrophilic reagents. While … Read more

Objective In this experiment, the condensation of two molecules of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate with formaldehyde is catalyzed by a base to yield 4,6-diethoxycarbonyl-3-methylcyclohex-2-enone. This product is then subjected to hydrolysis and decarboxylation, resulting in the formation of 3-methylcyclohex-2-enone. Background 3-methylcyclohex-2-enone is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H12O. It is a colorless liquid with a … Read more

Objective To obtain the concentration of vitamin C in a fruit juice using two redox titration methods, with iodine (KIO3) and with I2. Background Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It plays a crucial role in many biological processes, such as collagen synthesis, wound … Read more

Objective To determine the density of a solid and a liquid and compare the values with their known densities. Background The density of a solid and liquid experiment is a classic laboratory experiment. The experiment aims to determine the density of a solid and a liquid and compare the values with their known densities. The … Read more

Objective To perform a photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction with the use of sunlight to obtain truxillic acid. Background Cycloaddition reactions are processes having high atom economy, since all atoms of the starting materials are incorporated in the final molecule. The [2+2] cycloaddition is a reaction type that fails to react conventional alkenes under thermal conditions. … Read more

Objective To synthesize meso-diethyl-2,2′-dipyrromethane in water with negligible subsequent purification. Background Dipyrromethanes are used as intermediates for the synthesis of porphyrins and other value-added compounds such as fluorescent markers or coordination compounds. The syntheses of such compounds are generally based on the acid-catalyzed condensation of pyrrole with aldehydes or ketones in an organic solvent. Careful … Read more