Welcome to our Lab category, a haven for scientific exploration and experimentation. Step into the world of hands-on discovery where theory meets practice. Unleash your curiosity as we delve into laboratory techniques, equipment, safety protocols, and experimental procedures. From conducting chemical analyses to synthesizing compounds, this category provides valuable insights and resources to enhance your laboratory skills. Immerse yourself in the exciting realm of scientific investigation and unlock the wonders of the lab today.
What is vacuum filtration? Unlike the gravity filtration, vacuum filtration is used to separate a solid suspended in a solvent when what you want in the mix is solid. For example, obtaining crystals in a procedure recrystallization. The vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration, because the dissolution and the air are forced through the filter … Read more
What is gravity filtration? It is used when we want to preserve, a liquid that we want to separate a solid (solid impurities from an organic liquid). The impurity can be a drying agent (Na2SO4), or an undesired by-product or a reactive solid is to be disposed of. The gravity filtration can be used to … Read more
Objective To produce at microscale iodobenzoic acid by the formation of an intermediate diazonium salt (Sandmeyer reaction). Background The Sandmeyer reaction is a versatile synthetic tool by which an amino group on an aromatic ring is replaced with a wide range of substituents by converting an amino group attached to an aromatic ring into a … Read more
Objective To prepare and isolate two isomers in the nitration reaction of 4-methylaniline using two synthetic strategies. Background In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, the amino groups have a strong activating character directing ortho and para. However, when the amino group is protonated due to the positive charge on the nitrogen atom, it is strongly deactivating … Read more
Objective To produce ethyl iodide at microscale, from EtOH by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Background Ethyl iodide is usually prepared in laboratories by the reaction of iodine, red phosphorus, and EtOH. The key step in this synthesis is the formation of the intermediate phosphorus triiodide, which reacts with EtOH to yield the desired product and … Read more
Objetives Epoxidation of an alkene, in this particular cyclohexene, using an easy-to-handle oxidant such as Oxone®. Background The typical procedure of alkene epoxidation calls for peracids in an organic solvent. One of the most common experimental methods consists of the reaction of peracetic acid in acetic acid. The peracid is generated in situ by the addition of … Read more
Objective To perform at microscale the addition of HBr to an alkene (hex-1-ene) to yield 2-bromohexane under phase-transfer catalyst conditions. Background Electrophilic addition ot HX to alkenes is a useful reaction for functional group interconversions. The reaction begins by a proton attack on the double bound and formation of a carbocation. These reactions are controlled … Read more
Objective To produce α- and β-ionone (violet perfume) from citral. These are cyclic terpenoid that occur in many essential oils. Background Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) is the main constituent of the essential oil of lemon grass (citronella). This natural product readily undergoes aldol condensation with acetone to give geranylacetone, which can be converted by cyclization under acidic … Read more
Objective To produce a macrocycle, in this case a derivative of calix[4]pyrrole as an example of a sequestering agent anion. Background Agents that selectively bind anions have attracted interest because of their role in biological and ecological processes. Two strategies have been designed to produce such compounds. The first involves the inclusion in the molecule … Read more
Objective To transform of cinnamaldehyde (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enal) into 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol and 3-phenyl-propan-1-ol, using a single reagent, the LiAlH4, depending on the relative quantities and the addition order, in an inert atmosphere. Background The functional group interconversion (FGI) reactions are among the most common synthetic processes. In this experiment, the conversion of cinnamic aldehyde is performed by reduction … Read more
