Welcome to the Organic Chemistry category, where the intricacies of carbon-based molecules are unveiled. Dive into the diverse world of organic compounds, exploring their structures, properties, and reactions. Discover the fascinating realm of functional groups, stereochemistry, and organic synthesis. Uncover the applications of organic chemistry in drug development, materials science, and more. Immerse yourself in the captivating world of organic chemistry and unravel the secrets of carbon-based life.
What are carboxylic acids? Carboxylic acids are compounds with the functional group -COOH (carboxyl group). Depending on the substituent to which it is attached, they are classified as aromatic or aliphatic. If they have more than one carboxyl group, they are called dicarboxylic acids (with two) or polycarboxylic acids (more than two). Acid-base properties Carboxylic … Read more
What are ketones? Ketones are organic compounds with the functional group >C=O (carbonyl group), with a general formula RC(=O)R’, where -R and -R’ can be different carbon substituents. The simplest is formaldehyde, with R and R’ = methyl and formula H3CC(O)CH3 (called ketone). Applications They are produced on a large scale in industry, e.g. as … Read more
What are haloalkanes? Haloalkanes (or alkyl halides) are derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogens have been replaced by halogens. Any of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon can be replaced by halogen. In fact, all the hydrogens in a molecule can be replaced. For example, in fully fluorinated compounds, they are … Read more
What are alkanes? Alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons in the form of linear or branched chains with the general formula CnHn. Nomenclature of alkanes Follow the link for a summary of the formulation and nomenclature rules for alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes. Reactions of alkanes Compared to other functional groups, they are not very versatile in … Read more
What are alkynes? Alkynes are compounds that have at least one C≡C triple bond. When there is only one triple bond in the molecule its general formula is CnH2n-2. Formulation of alkynes Follow the link for a summary of the formulation and nomenclature rules for alkynes. Reactions of alkyne When studying the reactivity of alkynes … Read more
What are amines? Amines are compounds that have the functional group -NH2. They are usually classified according to the number of hydrogen atoms in the ammonia (NH3) that are substituted by other groups into primary (one substituent), secondary (two), tertiary (three) and quaternary (four substituents and a positive charge is added). Acid-base properties Amines are … Read more
What are alcohols? Alcohols are compounds presenting the -OH functional group. Acid-base properties Alcohols can behave as acids or bases. Many reactions in which they are involved are justified according to their acid-base properties. With strong acids they yield alkoxonium ions and with strong bases, alkoxides. Both are equilibrium processes. Bases such as Nao, metal … Read more
What is functinal-group analysis? The qualitative organic analysis (or functional-group analysis) has a great relevance in the teaching of organic chemistry mainly due to its great formative value. Unlike inorganic analysis, which identifies the constituent elements of a substance, organic analysis determines the functional groups, since most organic compounds are made up of only a … Read more
Enolate formation One of the main characteristics of the carbonyl group is that the hydrogens adjacent to the carbonyl carbon are acidic and can react with certain bases. If this occurs, the aldehyde or ketone becomes an enolate anion (nucleophile), which can react with a variety of electrophiles. Furthermore, as the enolate ion is the … Read more
Oxidation Oxidation of aldehydes Aldehydes are more easily oxidized than ketones. In the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or hot HNO3, they lose the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl and give the corresponding acid. One of the most commonly used oxidizing agents is Jones’ reagent (CrO3 in aqueus H2SO4), which has the … Read more
